Technology Use Lowers Cognitive Decline in Older Adults

Recent research highlights a significant association between technology use and reduced cognitive impairment in older adults, particularly those who did not grow up with these technologies, referred to as 'digital pioneers' [1]. This finding contrasts with previous concerns that technology might contribute to cognitive decline.

Childhood Without Computers

For many younger individuals, living without the internet or digital technologies is a challenging concept. In contrast, older generations grew up in an environment devoid of computers, smartphones, and the web, starting to incorporate these technologies only after reaching adulthood. Consequently, this 'digital pioneer' demographic faces an increased risk of dementia as they age.

A Tale of Two Theories

The authors of the study aimed to explore the relationship between technology use and dementia risk in this unique population, particularly amid opposing views on the topic. The prevailing concerns about technology's effects led by researchers like Michael K. Scullin, Ph.D., associate professor of psychology and neuroscience at Baylor University, suggest that technology might harm cognitive abilities. Terms like “brain drain” and “digital dementia” have emerged to describe this phenomenon.

Two Competing Hypotheses

1. **Cognitive Decline Hypothesis**: This hypothesis contends that regular digital technology use contributes to cognitive decline. Initially based on studies focused on children and adolescents, it links excessive screen time to poorer cognitive performance [2]. In older adults, a phenomenon dubbed the “Google effect” suggests that reliance on easily accessible information diminishes the need to remember, thereby leading to cognitive offloading.

2. **Technological Reserve Hypothesis**: In contrast, this theory posits that engagement with digital technologies can build cognitive reserves, combating cognitive decline. This reserve refers to the brain’s capability to function better than anticipated despite age-related changes or damage [4]. Using digital devices can promote cognitive engagement through complex tasks, learning software, and troubleshooting connectivity issues. As Dr. Scullin points out, frustrations encountered while learning technology may actively stimulate cognitive functioning.

Potential Benefits of Technology Use

Engaging with digital technologies facilitates personal connections and combats loneliness:

• Digital platforms allow family members to communicate and share experiences across generations easily.
• Using technology for cognitive support—for example, setting reminders for medications—can enhance independence among the elderly [5].

Examining ‘Digital Pioneers’

The researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 136 observational or cohort studies focusing on the impact of technology use on cognitive decline among adults aged 50 and older. This comprehensive analysis included data from over 411,430 participants, establishing a clear connection between technology use and cognitive health.

Technology Usage and Cognition

The results indicated that greater use of technology was associated with lower odds of cognitive decline among digital pioneers.

Interestingly, these findings held even after controlling for demographic factors, socioeconomic status, social support, and lifestyle activities, underpinning a robust link between technology use and cognitive outcomes.

Understanding the Association

While the association between technology use and cognitive improvement is evident, researchers caution against assuming causation. Factors such as higher education levels, better physical health, and active lifestyles frequently co-occur with technology use. However, the studies reviewed accounted for these confounding factors, suggesting a genuine correlation between technology engagement and cognitive longevity.

Complex Dynamics

The relationship between technology and cognition is multifaceted. The authors noted that moderate technology use tends to yield positive effects, whereas excessive use can be harmful, indicating a possible U-shaped interaction between technology engagement and cognitive health in older adults [6].

“If you have a parent or grandparent who’s just staying away from technology, maybe revisit that. Could they learn to use photo, messaging, or calendar apps on a smartphone or tablet? Start simple and be very patient while they learn.” – Dr. Michael K. Scullin

Conclusion

In summary, while technology can have both positive and negative effects, this research suggests that incorporating digital tools into the lives of older adults can be beneficial for cognitive health. Continued investigation into the complex relationship between technology use and cognition will be essential for developing strategies to leverage these tools for enhancing the well-being of the aging population.

Literature Cited

[1] Benge, J. F., & Scullin, M. K. (2025). A meta-analysis of technology use and cognitive aging. Nature Human Behaviour, 10.1038/s41562-025-02159-9. Advance online publication.

[2] Madigan, S., et al. (2019). Association Between Screen Time and Children’s Performance on a Developmental Screening Test. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(3), 244–250.

[3] Manwell, L. A., et al. (2022). Digital dementia in the internet generation: excessive screen time during brain development may increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 21(1), 28.

[4] Stern, Y., et al. (2023). A framework for concepts of reserve and resilience in aging. Neurobiology of Aging, 124, 100–103.

[5] Scullin, M. K., et al. (2022). Using smartphone technology to improve prospective memory functioning: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 70(2), 459–469.

[6] Cho, G., et al. (2023). Internet usage and the prospective risk of dementia: A population-based cohort study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 71(8), 2419–2429.